Salamandridae

介绍

Salamandrids are small to medium sized (Salamandra and Pleurodeles reach more than 200 mm) terrestrial or aquatic salamanders. Mostly distributed throughout Europe and Asia, although the distribution of Salamandra and Pleurodeles reaches North Africa, and the genera Notophthalmus and Taricha are endemic to North America. Most species have toxic skin secretions. Many Salamandrids develop dorsal body and tail fins when they return to an aquatic stage, while rough skin is characteristic of its terrestrial phase as adult newts. Lungs are present in juveniles and adults. Salamandrids achieve internal fertilization through the use of a spermatophore which the male induces the female to take up through a courtship dance.

蝾螈属是小型至中型（真螈属Salamandra 和肋突螈属Pleurodeles体长能超过200毫米）陆生或水生的蝾螈。主要分布于欧洲和亚洲，不过Salamandra属和Pleurodeles属的分布范围延伸至北非，而东美螈属Notophthalmus属和渍螈属Taricha属则为北美特有种。大多数物种的皮肤分泌物有毒。许多蝾螈科回归水生阶段时会发育出背鳍和尾鳍，粗糙的皮肤则是成年蝾螈陆生阶段的特征。肺部存在于幼体和成体中。蝾螈雄性会通过求偶舞蹈诱导雌性吸收精包来实现体内受精。

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特征

①Aquatic and terrestrial species ②Biphasic or triphasic life cycles, where larvae are fully aquatic, and may metamorphose into terrestrial juveniles and or adults. Some species return to aquatic form as adults, either seasonally for breeding or permanently ③Males court females for breeding ④Many possess highly toxic secretions from poison glands in their skin ⑤Fertilization is internal through a spermatophore ⑥Some morphological characters for the group are: 1) vomerine teeth extending posteriorly on lateral edges of vomers; 2) frontal-squamosal arch present; 3) vertebrae opisthocoelous; 4) costal grooves above the ribs are absent; 5) functional lungs are present; 6) functional eyelids are present. ⑦Global distribution in Europe, western Asia, Asia, northern Africa and North America

①水生和陆生 ②生活史呈双相或三相，幼体完全在水中生活，随后可能蜕变为陆生幼体和/或成体。有些物种在成体阶段会重新回归水生形态，或是季节性地为繁殖而回归，或是永久性地回归 ③雄性通过求偶行为吸引雌性进行繁殖 ④许多物种的皮肤中含有毒腺，能分泌剧毒物质 ⑤受精为体内受精，通过精包完成 ⑥该类群的一些形态特征包括：1) 犁骨侧缘向后延伸的犁骨齿；2) 存在额鳞弓；3) 椎骨后凹；4) 肋骨上方无肋沟；5) 具有功能性肺；6) 具有功能性眼睑。 ⑦分布于欧洲、西亚、亚洲、北非和北美

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